More is spent on cancer than any other medical problem. It was designated as a Cancer Center by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in 1983 to conduct research. The Jackson Laboratory was founded in 1929 as a cancer research facility. , See also animal testing, sections 1 through 3. In 2004, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reported that 92 out of every 100 drugs that successfully pass animal trials subsequently fail human trials. The fact that months or years of human studies are also required suggests health authorities do not trust the results. Following an extensive battery of animal testing, drugs generally undergo three phases of clinical trials.
Thousands of rats, mice, rabbits, dogs, and primates are killed in "pre-clinical" tests for new drugs (including all ingredients and even minor differences in formulas). More relevant non-animal methods include genome-wide analysis, which uses human DNA. They also respond differently to diseases and treatments. Mice do not normally contract many of the diseases that they are used as models for. Transgenic mice have in fact been remarkably ineffective as models for human diseases. Inefficacy & criticism of animal "models" Genes are inserted into the mice in an attempt to make them more like humans. The creation of transgenic animals, like the JAX® Mice, is responsible for an explosion in numbers of animals used in U.S. The company offers a portfolio of over 1,800 targeted and 900 transgenic mutant mouse lines for various diseases with over 400 new lines are imported annually. The company sells over 4,500 varieties which are available as breeding mice, frozen embryos or DNA samples. The mice were shipped to approximately 19,000 investigators in over 900 institutions in at least 50 countries. In the fiscal year 2009, the company sold approximately 2.7 million JAX® mice.
Researchers at the center integrate mouse and human biology through comparative genomics and computational modeling. Research at JAXCC focuses on uncovering the mechanisms of genetic complexity in cancer and using natural genetic diversity to discover new cancer drivers. Its focus on complex genetics and functional genomics, the scale of cancer model creation and experimentation, and the integration of JAXCC researchers’ diverse talents make the center unique in the field of cancer research. JAXCC’s scientific strengths include cancer genomics, genetics, cell biology, and advanced animal and computational models of human cancer. Researchers at JAXCC are developing strategies that use this genetic complexity as an advantage to discover new cancer treatments. Moreover, genetic diversity among patients contributes to varied responses to any single treatment. The multitude of mutations found in each cancer type limits the development of a common therapeutic, and cancer’s genetic diversity and instability leads to resistance to therapies. JAXCC’s flagship research program, Genetic Models for Precision Cancer Medicine, combines the center’s technical and computational expertise with its unique knowledge of mouse models and human cancer genomics to identify precise therapeutic interventions and prevent and treat cancer. It is based in Bar Harbor Maine, with a genomic medicine institute in Farmington, Connecticut, and facilities in Augusta and Ellsworth, Maine, in Sacramento, California, and in Shanghai, China.
JAXCC has been an NCI-Designated Cancer Center since 1983, focusing on deciphering the complex genetics of cancer and designing precision models of the disease. The Jackson Laboratory Cancer Center (JAXCC) is an independent, nonprofit biomedical research institution established in 1929 under the then-novel premise that cancer is a genetic disease.
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